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Anatomy

Curriculum > Medicine 1 > Anatomy


Course Introduction and Overview

Anatomy is offered during the first 14 weeks of the first year and is a block of lectures, clinical correlations, and laboratory dissections that presents the fundamentals of human anatomy and embryology in a clinical context. Clinical context is provided by a number of activities. (1) "Blue Boxes" are summaries in the textbook that demonstrate the application of anatomical knowledge to clinical problem solving. (2) "Lachman's" Clinical Cases are used throughout the course to emphasize the relationship between anatomy and clinical practice. (3) "Clinical Correlations" are scheduled sessions in the lecture hall with clinicians who illustrate how anatomy is used in their everyday practice. (4) Reference is made throughout the course to medical imaging (conventional radiology, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography). (5) The "Anatomy Correlations to the Physical Examination" offered by the Physician Development Program are lectures and small group exercises that correlate aspects of anatomy to the physical exam.

Just as the practice of medicine is centered on the patient, the learning of anatomy is focused on the cadaver. Dissection remains the best way to learn and understand the spatial relationships between body structures. In addition, dissection provides students a unique opportunity to consider and discuss issues of professionalism, team-building, ethics, and death and dying as they encounter their "first patient." Additional information about required textbooks and instruments, and special instructions for the dissection laboratory can be found below.

For students entering the Integrated Pathway (IP), the four exams in anatomy/embryology will comprise four of the 13 total division exams in the first year, and will count towards the requirements of the IP. For students entering the Independent Study Program, an average of 70% on the four anatomy/embryology exams is required to enter the program. — Robert M. DePhilip, PhD


Required Textbooks

  • Essential Clinical Anatomy, Third Edition (2007) by K. L. Moore and A. M. R. Agur, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This is the core text for gross anatomy. Page numbers in assigned readings correspond to the Third Edition.
  • Lachman’s Case Studies in Anatomy, Fourth Edition (1997) revised by D. R. Cahill, Oxford University Press. A collection of fifty anatomical case studies that encourages critical thinking and problem solving. Cases will be assigned from this text to demonstrate how anatomical information can be applied to clinical medicine.
  • Langman's Medical Embryology, Tenth Edition (2006) by T.W. Sadler, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This is the core text for embryology. Page numbers in assigned readings correspond to the Tenth Edition. This edition includes a CD with animations of embryology.
  • Grant's Dissector, Thirteenth Edition, (2005) by Patrick W. Tank, Lippincott Williams & Wilkens. Page numbers in the course schedule and in assignments are referenced to the Thirteenth edition.
  • An atlas of gross anatomy. Each dissection table must have at least one atlas to use in the lab. You should wait until you meet the other members of your dissection table to decide on which atlas you will buy together for the table. You should also wait until you get to campus to select the atlas you will use for personal study.
    • Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, Eleventh Edition (2005) by A. M. R. Agur and A. F. Dalley, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This is a "teaching atlas" and is recommended highly by anatomy instructors. The figures are drawings of actual dissections in the Anatomical Museum at the University of Toronto. Figure legends draw attention to critical anatomical relationships. The Eleventh Edition includes a CD with nearly 800 still images from the atlas, selected video clips, and 100 USMLE-style review questions.
    • Atlas of Human Anatomy by F.H. Netter, Third Edition (2003) Icon Learning Systems. This is a favorite of medical students because Netter's style and interpretation is so attractive. However, there are no figure legends and some use of non-standard terms.
    • Color Atlas of Anatomy, Fifth Edition (2002) by J.W. Rohen, C. Yokochi and E. Lutjen-Drecoll, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Exquisite photographs, not drawings, of dissections. Occasional figure legends.
  • An atlas of sectional anatomy. Assignments will be made from the "electronic" atlas, NetAnatomy. This resource was developed by the faculty of George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences and is excellent. It correlates images of the Visible Human Project with medical images and includes a quiz function. It is interactive, accessible on the web, and as of August 1, 2007, is available only through a site license that the College of Medicine has purchased. Instructions for accessing NetAnatomy will be given in class.
  • A medical dictionary. Any full-sized, not concise medical dictionary (e.g., Stedman's Medical Dictionary, Dorland's Medical Dictionary) will serve you in this course and throughout your career.


Instruments Required for Dissection

Each table of six students must obtain the following instruments:

Two (2) probes, 6", made of rigid steel and with a bent, blunt tip. Note: The probes consisting of a needle attached to a wooden dowel or plastic handle are dangerous. Do NOT bring them into the lab.

Two (2) pairs of forceps - each 6-7" in length with ridges on the handles to prevent slipping. The tips should be rounded, not pointed, and the gripping surface should be ridged. In addition, forceps with interlocking tips ("rat-toothed") are useful for retracting skin and fascia.

Two (2) pairs of scissors - each at least 6-7" in length. Tips can both be blunt, one tip sharp and the other blunt, or both sharp. Do NOT use the small, sharp-tipped scissors found often in undergraduate dissection kits.

Two (2) metal knife handles (size #4) and twenty-four (24) disposable blades (size #22). This is the only combination of knife handle and blade you will need. Do NOT use plastic, disposable knife handles.

One (1) or two (2) hemostats, 5-7", straight or curved are useful for attaching and removing blades from knife handles. Hemostats are also very useful for retracting skin flaps during removal of skin.

Disposable gloves, blades, and dissecting instruments can be purchased at local bookstores.


Special instructions for the dissection laboratory

Dissection of a cadaver is a unique privilege. The cadaver is the gift of an individual who donated his or her body to enhance your education. All cadavers must be treated with respect at all times. A Memorial Service in the spring, organized by your class with the advice of the second year students, provides a formal opportunity for you to express your gratitude for the donor's gift.

Women who are pregnant or who may become pregnant should discuss the potential risk of working in the dissection lab with their obstetrician.

Dress code and conduct in the dissection laboratory

You should purchase two sets of scrubs for working in the dissection lab. Scrubs can be purchased new or at second hand stores or at thrift stores. Disposable gloves should be purchased and worn. Students with sensitivity to latex may want to purchase gloves made of nitrile. Safety glasses for eye protection are recommended. Eating, drinking, and photography are not permitted in the dissection laboratories, nor are guests permitted.

Care of the cadaver

It is the responsibility of the students assigned to each dissection table to care for the cadaver. Uncover only those parts of the body that you are dissecting. Moisten the body as needed with "wetting solution", NOT water. The wetting solution is in a spray bottle at each table. Spray bottles can be refilled from large containers of solution located by the sinks in each lab.

Place all tissue (skin, subcutaneous fat, fascia) removed from the cadaver in the green or blue plastic tissue containers. Cadaver tags written in RED indicate that the family has asked that the ashes after cremation be saved and returned to the family. Cadaver tags written in BLACK indicate that the Department will be responsible for burying the ashes. All tissue removed during dissection must be placed in the tissue container marked with the number that corresponds to the cadaver.

Place all used disposable blades in the red plastic receptacles for this purpose that can be found in each lab.

Place all paper and disposable gloves in metal trash containers. Do NOT place paper in the tissue containers.

The dissection laboratory must be kept clean to provide a safe work area. Paper towels, spilled liquids, and tissue that are dropped on the floor can be very slippery and must be picked up immediately. Your dissection table and the area around it are your responsibility.

Changing blades. Please ask one of the instructors or teaching assistants to show you how to change a blade. Scalpel blades are very sharp and can produce deep lacerations. First aid kits are available in each lab if you do cut yourself. You will find that after the skin of the cadaver is cut and reflected, the majority of your work will involve separation of tissue by blunt, not sharp, dissection.

Updated August 8, 2007 


Online Learning Resources in Anatomy

  • Practice Quiz Sets
    This on-line resource contains multiple-choice type questions, questions on radiographic images, and questions on dissections, and is designed to test student readiness for the scheduled practical and written examinations in human gross anatomy and embryology. The site is password protected. There will be an announcement in class when these quizzes are available.

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